Why should the valuation of Real Estate Asset Class be more Tesla-driven and less Volkswagen-driven? Well, as of August 4th, 2020, Tesla shows a market cap of $280B.
280 Billion USD.
Tesla is 20 years old. Tesla sold 367,500 vehicles in 2019, 245,000 in 2018 and 103,000 in 2017. The operating result was ~$86m in 2019 (still to be audited), $388M in 2018, and $1.6B in 2017.
Elon Musk, Tesla’s infamous CEO, is, without a doubt, a furious tech guru – once threatening in a tweet to take Tesla out of the stock exchange. A tweet that eventually resulted in a $20M fine by the SEC.
Volkswagen AG is worth around $77B. It has 83 years of experience in car manufacturing.
VW sold 10.2M vehicles in 2019, 10.8m in 2018, and 12M in 2017. Their operating result was more than $16.6B in 2019, $15.8B in 2018, and $16.6B in 2017. VW’s board of directors is made of veterans of the automotive industry; executives in expensive suits that rigidly follow le bon ton.
They’re very much gentlemen who wouldn’t think to advertise themselves as the inventors of innovative flamethrowers (The Boring Company). However, Tesla’s price-to-earnings (P/E) Ratio is 764, while VW’s one is just below 13.
So, what makes Tesla so special? Expectations:
Expectation One: ARK analyst Tasha Keeney (who put a 7,000 USD five-year price target on Musk's company) told CNBC that:
“Traditional autos have had a really hard time producing a car that’s on par with Tesla in terms of a dollar per performance or efficiency basis”.
Herbert Diess, chairman of Volkswagen, even said that:
“The company is implementing what he internally called the ‘Tesla catch-up plan’ in order to close the software gap between the German automaker and Tesla.”
Expectation 2: Others contend that Musk’s bet on Gigafactories (facilities that supply the battery packs for electric vehicles and stationary storage systems) could lock in the supply of key components to other carmakers in the future.
Let’s see.
Meanwhile, in Real Estate
Real Estate is the world’s oldest asset class. In 2016, Real Estate worldwide value surpassed $233Tn. Other asset classes pale in comparison (Bonds ~$95Tn, Equities $66tn, Gold $6.3Tn, GDP $81 Tn).
And yet, aided by the fact that there’s no electronic, liquid, and transparent market for real estate, most of the financial action taken around a real estate asset (investment, financing) relies on static valuation from historical data.
This poses a question. What are the expectations that drive real estate values?
The worldwide financing activity (referring to mortgages to buy residential or commercial properties. Furthermore, financing lines to real estate developers), is entirely (with few exceptions) based on historical data.
Pricing and loan to value are typically a function of few variables that include the current:
- Price per square meter.
- Borrower's income (if the borrower is an individual).
- Liquidity/financial ratios (current and historical, if the borrower is a company).
For example, if an individual (in Europe, at least) visits a branch and asks for a mortgage, the bank merely looks at past three month payslips (or other conformations of certain income).
They’ll also take into account the previous year’s fiscal return, as well as assessing the value of the asset (through a “Perito” - whose quantitative and qualitative skills are discussable).
If the installment fits into the 30% cut of total income, the bank will confirm a maximum 80% loan to value the mortgage (60/70% max if the borrower is a company).
Real estate developers are in a much worse situation. The Lehman Crisis generated double-digit default rates on credit lines, and much of the previous in bonus positions turned out to be Non-Performing Loans (NPLs – Unlikely to Pay and Bad Loans).
A chicken-and-egg problem was created. Even liquid and financially healthy real estate developer counterparts haven’t been able to borrow money under the same conditions they were doing before.
This raises an important question. Why is the biggest, oldest, and, to a certain extent, the most important asset class in the world ($262Tn global value) so far behind in terms of innovation?
Fintech got a massive disruption on all of its sides, but the real estate (and therefore credit) businesses are far behind. All aspects of Fintech have experienced a massive disruption from all angles. Yet real estate businesses (and therefore credit businesses) are far behind.
I personally feel like this is a paradox.
We all agree that all asset classes are driven by fundamentals – even cryptocurrencies, perhaps? But all securities respond to “macro-drivers” – i.e., a Tesla share is worth the same whether it’s being bought in the US or Italy.
While real estate assets also respond to macro-drivers – i.e., low-interest rates, convenient forex, large savings, etc.
In addition, they respond to micro-drivers. For example, in the same street we can have apartments that are fairly equal they:
- Are in the same building?
- Have the same square meterage?
- Achieve the same energy efficiency?
Yet the prices of each differ. Again, why this massive granularity and such little innovation?
Let’s run some examples that support the thesis:
Terramotourism in Lisbon
The average real estate price per sqm in Lisbon in 2013 was €1,563 ($2155), while 2020 registers an average price of €4,700 ($5,587). What are the reasons for this?
- The golden visa that attracted investors
- Fiscal benefits that attracted talents from all around Europe
- Cultural & leisure activities that attracted visitors from all around the world.
- The rise of Airbnbs has driven the real-estate price through the roof. Resulting in a lack of long-term housing for low-paid workers at an affordable price. This meant they had to move outside the city. The situation has become so widespread that now some districts are under an “Airbnb contingency:" to not avoid further ruining the market.
The Rise of Shoreditch
Fifteen years ago, Shoreditch was treated the same as most of South London. Then, it was a place where reputable Mayfair workers wouldn’t even consider going for a beer.
While now, residential prices are almost comparable to Westminster and South Kensington.
First, “underground clubs” started to show up, then art galleries, then micro-breweries. Finally, tech startups started to pop up like mushrooms.
Demand grew. Supply grew. The price grew.
The Debacle of Residential Asset Prices in Taranto
As part of the physical risk of climate change (in this case, heavy pollution), people started developing cancers. That lead to the liquidation of the Riva Family and the acquisition of ArcelorMittal. Workers left, and people started fleeing the city.
A forward-looking approach would have suggested twenty years ago that heavy pollution one day would’ve led to disaster, Meaning non-financing any real estate assets with more than a five-year duration.
The Monster Supply Over Demand in Dubai
Some years ago, ex-pats in Dubai were sending their family back to Europe, eventually joining them for the weekend. That led to houses being empty. When supply outweighs demand, well, we all know what happens next.
The Common Theme
All of these cases share a common denominator: the acknowledgment of that data. Structured and unstructured data sources provide (via an API or scraping techniques) the necessary data to run and accumulate further intelligence to get a forward-looking view over the real estate asset class.
Why Is This Important?
Financial institutions in Europe have all suffered from the real estate crisis of 2008. With the advent of Basel regulation, they have been pushed to correct their I type risk – they generally stopped lending money to bad counterparties.
Their risk management has evolved, and the models are quite strict towards bad-rated companies or individuals.
The problem is that financial institutions are still constantly failing on II-type errors. They constantly refuse to grant financing to healthy counterparts with healthy projects because they lack data to assess them properly. This is not only an economic problem but is also a social problem as it interferes with healthy financing allocation and distribution.
Thanks for Reading!