Innovations in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized the field of medicine in numerous ways. AI technologies are emerging as a powerful tool to transform various aspects of healthcare, such as diagnosis, research, patient care, treatment, and clinical outcomes. Advanced AI models can be used to analyze complex medical data and generate insights based on patterns in training data, accelerating the decision-making process with accuracy.
However, akin to any other innovative technology, it has its share of risks and challenges. As per an IBM study, the global average cost resulting from a data breach was $4.45 million in 2023. The study estimated the average cost of a healthcare data breach was the highest among industries, at $10.93 million.
Compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a critical consideration when implementing AI into healthcare services.
Here, we will discuss some of the privacy and security risks posed by AI systems in healthcare, along with possible mitigation strategies for responsible and ethical implementation under HIPAA regulations.
What Is HIPAA?
HIPAA, or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is a critical federal health privacy law in the US that sets the standard for protecting the health information of patients. The law focuses on the Privacy Rule that administers the protection of individually identifiable health information, referred to as PHI, generated by healthcare providers, insurance companies, and other entities.
Hence, entities that generate health information digitally must comply with HIPAA rules.
Additionally, business partners performing PHI-related activities on behalf of a covered entity, such as administrative, financial, management, and legal tasks, are also subject to HIPAA regulations.
However, de-identified health information that can’t be used to identify an individual is not individually identifiable health information, and there is no restriction on the use or disclosure of such data under HIPAA.
Entities Covered by HIPAA
HIPAA compliance applies only to certain types of organizations that generate protected health information (PHI) electronically or entities that perform tasks involving PHI on their behalf. To understand the impact of HIPAA on the use of AI, it is essential to recognize HIPAA-covered entities.
Whether HIPAA would be applied to an entity is not determined based on someone's professional role but rather on activities performed by them. When healthcare providers, insurance companies, and other organizations carry out transactions that require HIPAA compliance, they are considered covered entities under HIPAA regulations.
When incorporating AI in their healthcare operations, these entities, alongside their business associates, must follow HIPAA rules. Transactions that involve only direct payments and don’t include handling electronic health records, like billing insurance, would not be subject to HIPAA regulations.
HIPAA and AI in Healthcare: Ensuring Patient Privacy
The HIPAA Privacy Rule ensures the protection of patient information, especially when AI technology is integrated into healthcare services, by governing the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI). There are specific situations where disclosing health information is not prohibited under HIPAA, such as for payment, treatment, healthcare operations, and certain research conditions.
When incorporating AI in healthcare research or operations, responsible handling of PHI becomes critical. The process involves de-identifying patient data and receiving patient consent for the use of data, strengthening privacy and trust. However, the law incorporates the concept of a ‘limited data set’, allowing access to certain non-direct identifiers, such as ZIP codes or service dates, for research purposes, provided the data agreement adheres to HIPAA compliance. Use of direct identifiers like names or social security numbers is strictly prohibited.
The HIPAA safe harbor method outlines 18 specific identifiers, such as name, address, social security numbers, biometric identifiers, and many more, that must be removed from data. After de-identification, the remaining information should not be capable of re-identifying the individuals, even in combination with other data.
The de-identification process needs to be robust enough, especially when the data is used for AI purposes, as AI algorithms can potentially analyze data and discover hidden patterns for re-identification.
Staying HIPAA Compliant
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence within the healthcare industry present new challenges to stay compliant with HIPAA regulations. Healthcare organizations need to adapt to the changes by working closely with AI developers to understand the algorithms of AI applications and ensure they meet HIPAA privacy standards.
This necessitates regular updates to policies and procedures along with the implementation of robust security measures to effectively ensure compliance and manage potential threats. Additionally, educating healthcare professionals about the implications of AI for data privacy is critically important. This empowers them to use AI tools responsibly and obtain consent for data use.
Conclusions
Implementing AI in healthcare offers immense potential to transform various aspects, from diagnosis and treatment planning to patient care and research, benefiting both patients and healthcare providers. However, integrating data-intensive AI tools poses serious privacy and security challenges.
To proactively address these challenges, healthcare organizations must implement safe and effective data protection measures that adhere to HIPAA compliance.
Healthcare organizations need to make efforts to keep abreast of the latest developments in AI and their potential privacy implications. Essential strategies such as risk assessment protocols, robust governance frameworks, and compliance monitoring can help prevent breaches of PHI, mitigate risks, and maintain public trust.