From healthcare to criminal justice, artificial intelligence is increasingly influencing the decisions that shape our lives by analyzing massive datasets to generate recommendations guiding consequential choices.
But this data-driven approach raises profound ethical questions. How do we ensure powerful AI respects human values and prevents discrimination? In this article, I discuss the ethical dilemmas surrounding data-driven AI.
Drawing on my experience developing inclusive tech, I analyze practical solutions to make AI more fair, transparent, and accountable. I discuss a case study showing ethical AI in action. And I explore what it will take for the future of AI to align with human ethics.
My goal is to provide insights for readers concerned about algorithms' outsized influence on justice and opportunity, and how we can shape compassionate AI.
Evolution of AI
Data has been used to guide decision-making for a long time - like in astronomy, statistics, and economics. But with digital tech and the internet, we can now collect, store, and analyze more data than ever before, also known as big data. Big data can reveal new insights and trends that were hidden before. It can make decision-making more efficient and effective.
AI is the next frontier for data-driven decisions. AI uses computer systems to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence - like reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.
AI can analyze big data to learn from it and generate predictions, recommendations, or actions. It can also adapt to new data and get better over time.
AI is already being used for data-driven decisions in:
- Healthcare - to help diagnose diseases, recommend treatments, monitor patients, and discover new drugs.
- Education - to personalize learning, assess students, give feedback, and suggest courses.
- Finance - to detect fraud, manage risk, optimize investments, and provide financial advice.
- Justice - to predict crime, evaluate risk, allocate resources, and offer legal help.
AI could improve the quality, speed, and accuracy of decisions. It can enhance human abilities and well-being. But it also raises ethical issues that need to be addressed.
Identification of Ethical Issues
One big ethical issue with AI decision-making is bias. Bias means deviating from the truth or fairness. It can affect the data, algorithm, or outcome of AI systems. Bias comes from:
- Data bias - when the data used to train or test AI is incomplete, inaccurate, or not representative of the real population. This leads to unreliable, inaccurate, or discriminatory AI. For example, in 2021 a study found an AI system for diagnosing skin cancer was biased against people with dark skin because it was mostly trained on white patients.
- Algorithm bias - when the algorithm or model itself is flawed, complex, or opaque. This results in unfair, inconsistent, or unexplainable AI. For example, in 2022, a report showed an AI for assessing criminal recidivism risk in the US was biased against Black defendants and gave them higher risk scores than similar white defendants. This caused racial discrimination in sentencing and parole.
- Outcome bias - when the impact of the AI decision is harmful, unjust, or undesirable. This makes AI systems unethical, irresponsible, or detrimental. For instance, in 2022, a report revealed an AI for allocating welfare benefits in the UK was biased against disabled and vulnerable people, causing wrongful denials, delays, and errors.
Another ethical issue is transparency - understanding how and why AI makes decisions and accessing the data and algorithms behind them. This is important for trust, accountability, and explainability of AI. But transparency is often lacking due to:
- The complexity of algorithms like deep learning that are hard to interpret.
- The proprietary nature of AI systems that avoids public scrutiny.
The adaptive nature of AI that changes behavior unpredictably over time.
Related is accountability - the responsibility for AI's actions and consequences, and the ability to monitor, audit, and correct it. This ensures quality, safety, and legality. But accountability is unclear in AI due to:
- AI involving multiple decentralized actors like developers, providers, users, and regulators interacting unpredictably.
- The autonomous nature of AI acting independently in novel ways that challenge causality.
- Legal and regulatory gaps that don't cover AI issues adequately.
Efforts to Address Ethical Issues
Various stakeholders are making efforts to address the ethical challenges posed by data analysis in AI decision-making systems.
Technology researchers and developers are creating technical solutions designed to make AI systems more ethical by:
- Implementing algorithms and data processing techniques to identify and reduce biases during the data collection, model training, and system design phases. Methods include sanitizing datasets, adjusting model parameters, and post-processing outputs.
- Building transparency into systems via explainable AI techniques that elucidate the reasoning behind AI decisions through detailed audit trails, interactive visualizations, and natural language explanations.
Policymakers and regulators are drafting new laws and governance frameworks specifically aimed at ensuring AI systems are developed and deployed responsibly and ethically, such as:
- The proposed EU AI Act which would strictly regulate high-risk AI applications that can significantly impact individuals and society, enforcing requirements around transparency, oversight, and risk mitigation.
- International AI ethics guidelines and principles published by bodies like the OECD and IEEE that provide best practices around fairness, accountability, safety, and human oversight over autonomous systems.
Research institutions, non-profits, and advocacy groups are leading community education and engagement efforts to promote awareness of AI ethics including:
- Public campaigns, workshops, conferences, and training programs to educate various audiences on the societal impacts of AI and build an understanding of key ethical concerns.
- New multidisciplinary centers, partnerships, and funding initiatives focused on applied AI ethics research, auditing AI systems, and developing standards.
A collaborative, multi-pronged approach engaging technologists, regulators, and the public is required to develop AI that is fair, transparent, accountable, and aligned with ethical values.
Success Story
Microsoft's AI for Earth program exemplifies ethical AI decision-making for environmental challenges like climate change and biodiversity. It partners on projects that empower the monitoring, modeling, and management of natural resources using AI. Examples include:
- iNaturalist - an AI platform helping people identify and document biodiversity for research and conservation.
- FarmBeats - using AI to provide farmers with data-driven insights for improved productivity and sustainability.
- NCX - leveraging AI to help forest managers measure and manage forests and create a carbon credit marketplace rewarding conservation.
Microsoft AI for Earth has adopted ethical AI principles of trust, responsibility, inclusiveness, privacy, security, and human rights. It follows the UN Sustainable Development Goals for using AI ethically to combat climate change, protect biodiversity, and ensure food security.
Microsoft partners with various initiatives promoting responsible AI for the planet's health and inhabitants. However, challenges remain for aligning AI with environmental values. Overall, Microsoft AI for Earth demonstrates how AI can be applied ethically to improve sustainability. More collaborative efforts are needed to fully realize ethical AI's potential.
Future Implications
As AI advances, ethical challenges will increase and evolve:
- New forms of AI like artificial general intelligence may surpass human capabilities, posing risks or opportunities.
- Expanding AI applications in areas like biotech and space exploration may create new possibilities and challenges for human flourishing.
AI-driven disruption of society and culture could impact human values, requiring new governance.
To ensure ethical, beneficial AI, we must:
- Foster an ethical culture among the AI community and public through education and engagement.
- Establish ethical principles and align AI with regulations and human rights.
- Develop technical solutions for fair, transparent, and accountable AI.
- Monitor AI impacts and continuously improve systems.
- Collaborate internationally and inclusively across disciplines.
By anticipating the future trajectory of AI, we can proactively address emerging ethical issues through policies and practices that align AI with our values. This requires a collaborative, adaptive, and human-centric approach to AI development and governance.
Conclusion
This article examined ethical issues in AI decision-making like bias and accountability. While AI promises benefits, it also risks harm without sufficient oversight. Approaches to ethical AI include technical fixes, regulations, and community engagement.
Microsoft's AI for Earth demonstrates the ethical application of AI for environmental good. However, as AI advances, ethical implications will evolve requiring anticipatory policies that align AI with human values.
Realizing AI's full potential requires grappling with emerging ethical issues through collaborative governance focused on accountability, inclusivity, and human flourishing. Ethics must be prioritized now to steer AI's future responsibly. With thoughtful leadership, we can develop AI that enhances lives ethically.
References
Big Data Meets AI: The Future of Decision Making - FISClouds
Chronological Evolution of the Information-Driven Decision-Making Process (1950–2020) | Journal of the Knowledge Economy (springer.com)
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? | IBM
AI bias: 9 questions leaders should ask | The Enterprisers Project
AI skin cancer diagnoses risk being less accurate for dark skin – study | Skin cancer | The Guardian
Criminal courts’ artificial intelligence: the way it reinforces bias and discrimination | SpringerLink
UK government faces £150m bill over social welfare discrimination | Universal credit | The Guardian
What is explainable AI? | IBM
Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence | Shaping Europe’s digital future (europa.eu)
AI-Principles Overview - OECD.AI
IEEE SA - The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems
Déclaration de Montréal IA responsable (declarationmontreal-iaresponsable.com)
AI for Earth - Microsoft AI
A Community for Naturalists · iNaturalist
FarmBeats: AI, Edge & IoT for Agriculture - Microsoft Research
NCX - Discover the true value of your land
What is artificial superintelligence (ASI)? | Definition from TechTarget