How To Create Reusable Bash Scripts

Bash is a language that is quite useful for automation no matter what language you write in. Bash can do so many powerful system level tasks. Even if you are on windows these days you are likely to come accross bash inside a cloud VM, Continuous Integration, or even inside of docker.

I have three techniques that help me write more composable bash scripts.

FunctionsError Handlingif __name__ == "__main__"

functions

Functions in bash are quite simple. They are something that I wish I would have started using long ago. They make your code much more reusable. I often use them in my aliases as well since they can simplify the process and allow more flexibility.

syntax

#!/bin/bash
# hello_world.sh
hello_world () {
    echo "hello world"
}

Source the file to load the function and run it from the terminal.

run it

source hello_world.sh
hello_world

output

hello world

Arguments

Arguments and options are quite a bit more complex in bash. For now we will focus on the basics which are not all that bad.

positional arguments

Positional arguments can be pulled out quite easily using $1 for the first one, $2 for the second and so on.

note $0 is the command that was called. You will see this often used to find the command called to open up your current shell.

syntax

#!/bin/bash
# hello.sh
hello () {
    echo "hello $1"
}

run it

source hello.sh
hello waylon

Now we have a function that accepts positional arguments and we can call it by passing things into it.

outputs

hello waylon

More than one argument would be ignoreed since we are only looking at $1.

run it

source hello.sh
hello waylon walker

outputs

hello waylon

All Arguments

Bash has another special variable $@ that stores all arguments in one.

syntax

#!/bin/bash
# hello.sh
hello () {
    echo "hello $@"
}

Just the same as before.

run it

source hello.sh
hello waylon walker

Now the function will output all arguments that are passed into it, since we are using the $@ variable.

outputs

hello waylon walker

Error Handling

The easiest and most common way to handle an error in bash is through the use of the logical operators && (and) and || (or).

Here I have a concrete example from earlier today. I was creating a bash script to run a python script from cron. The bash script is there to make sure that we have the python environment, activate it, and run. If it doesn't have it, it should create it.

create_env() {
    conda create -n $1 python=3.8
    conda activate $1
    pip install -r requirements.txt
}

env_exists() {
conda info --envs | awk '{print $1}' | tail -n +3 | grep -w $1 > /dev/null
}

create_if () {
env_exists $1  && echo "environment exists" || create_env $1
}

create_if my_env

If we look at the create_if function, it will check if the environment exists if there is a passing status code 0, then it will run echo "environment exists" otherwise it will run create_env $1.

note Inside of env_exists grep will look for whole words if there is a match it will give a status code 0 if it finds a match and not 0 if there is no match.

main script

_if __name__ == "__main__"_

The last thing I want to discuss is making a bash script both runnable and sourceable. This makes it so that you can source filename.sh and run each function individually, or bash filename.sh to run the script. This is a similar concept to if __name__ == "__main__" from python.

I did try this from bash and zsh with success. The following is an example that would pass all arguments into a main function.

syntax

if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then
    main "$@"
fi

Extending the example above that created a python example if necessary we can create the env if necessary, activate the environment, and run the script.

syntax

if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then
create_if my_env
conda activate my_env
python script.py
fi

Using this syntax to run our "main" functions will allow us to both run the script or source the script to utilize the functions that we created.

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Previously published at https://waylonwalker.com/blog/reusable-bash/