SREies is a series on topics related to my job as a Site Reliability Engineer (SRE). About a month ago, I wrote an article about what it means to be an SRE which included a compatibility quiz and resource list to those who were intrigued by the role. If you are unfamiliar with SRE, I would suggest starting there before moving on.
In this series, I will extend my description to include more specific summaries of concepts that I have learned during my first six months at Dropbox. In this edition, I will be discussing Configuration Management.
Why I am writing this
As I mentioned in the previous article, I came to SRE with little experience in Software Development or System Administration. Prior to making this career change, I taught High School Mathematics and Spanish for six years where I enjoyed breaking down complex concepts. When I felt it was time to seek a new challenge, I decided to attend a Software Engineering Bootcamp called Hackbright Academy. Hackbright is a 12 week intensive in which each student spends 6 weeks learning the fundamentals of software development and 4 weeks applying those skills to development capstone web application project. You can imagine that while developing a project on your personal machine is a great experience for a beginner, it’s limited scope prevents opportunities to learn about scalability and large scale infrastructure.
Working at a data storage company like Dropbox has allowed me to learn a lot about large scale distributed systems. This series is my way of combining my love for breaking down complex concepts with my new learnings as an SRE. One element key concept of large scale distributed systems is this idea of Configuration Management.
What is Configuration Management?
According to this awesome Introduction to Configuration Management tutorial by Digital Ocean, Configuration Management is:
“…the mechanism used to make the server reach a desirable state, previously defined by provisioning scripts using a tool’s specific language and features.”
I know what you’re thinking, “What the heck does that mean?” Let me try to break it down by using an example.
Krishelle’s Kakes
One of my cakes
Let’s say I decided to open up a bakery called Krishelle’s Kakes that instantly was a hit (I did used to bake cakes actually!). Imagine this bakery serves pastries, cakes, cupcakes and chocolates, and that everyday the line is out the door. The business has become so popular that I immediately decide to expand and open other locations around the state. With this expansion though, I really want to make sure that the customer’s experience is the same no matter which location they attend.
How would you solve this problem?
Some things that come to my mind include:
- I need to make sure business partners and I are the only people making decisions that affect the business, this includes shop design, recipe changes, and employee responsibilities, to name a few.
- I need to make sure each shop is designed similarly to ensure a consistent customer experience.
- I need to make sure each shop gets the proper equipment to run efficiently (oven, pans, pastry bags, cash register, counter space, etc).
- I need to make sure all of my recipes are written down and shared with each store location. I also need to ensure that each location gets the same ingredients delivered on time for business.
These are very similar to the types of questions a system designer asks when building a large scale distributed system. Here are some of the solutions that Configuration Management (CM) provides:
- Centralized Decision Body: A centralized place where all systems decisions are organized and defined.
- Uniform Configuration: CM ensures that each machine is configured appropriately, according to the centralized definition.
- Automated Software Installation: CM ensures that each machine gets what it needs to do its job, meaning it has all of the software packages it needs to run properly.
- Distribution of Resources: Engineers ensure that all of the processes that a machine needs to perform are written down in the form of code (scripts). CM ensures that all machines get the proper scripts needed to do it’s job.
In other words, Configuration Management Tools offer a framework through which SRE’s can automate the process of configuring a machine in a large system of machines. Configuring a machine means making sure the machine’s set up matches other machines like it, and that it has the correct software and scripts needed to perform all processes assigned to it. This process is called “provisioning” a machine.
Why is Configuration Management Important?
So we’ve talked about what CM is, it’s a framework that allows for automated machine provisioning. Now let’s dig deeper into why this is important.
The automation of machine provisioning helps to minimize problems caused by development environment discrepancies.
Building off of the Krishelle’s Kakes example, think about what would happen if one location received a convection oven, while another received a conventional oven. Even if you don’t know the difference between the two, just know that they have very different heating properties.
The difference in ovens means a difference in the environment in which the goods are baked, which would likely change the way they turn out. Even though each bakery received the same recipe, the change in environment (that is, a different oven than the recipe was written for) would cause inconsistency across the locations. They may even come out bad! The main idea here is this: the environment that the baked goods are cooked in will have a huge impact on the result. The same is true with software.
The environment (meaning anything the code depends on to work properly), needs to be consistent. It should be the same when an engineer is developing it as well as on the machine it will run on. When applications are deployed to production and shared between co-workers who might have different machine set ups, we need a process to make everything consistent. Configuration Management provides a framework for creating a centralized definition of dependencies and does the work of replicating environments with the exact same software and configurations.
What are examples Configuration Management Tools?
The most popular Configuration Management Tools include:
One of the projects I worked on at Dropbox was with Chef. Chef involves several important features:
Chef Architecture
- Chef Server — API server that stores cookbooks, node attributes and metadata.
- Chef Workstation — Where you can develop your cookbooks (definitions of system configuration) and run knife commands (CLI to interact with the Chef Server).
- Chef-repo — A git repository that stores all relevant configuration data.
- Nodes — The machines that are receiving the configuration.
The cookbooks hold all the important configuration data (that developers write) which provide all of the great features I described above. If you are interested in learning more about Chef or one of the other configuration management tools, I have included some resources below.
How can I learn to use Configuration Management?
Config Management for Beginners
As mentioned earlier, DigitalOcean has an excellent set of tutorials to get you started with Configuration Management from a beginner level.
🌐 Getting Started with Configuration Management
🌐 Configuration Management 101: Writing Ansible Playbooks
🌐 Configuration Management 101: Writing Puppet Manifests
🌐 Configuration Management 101: Writing Chef Recipes
Other Resources
Here are some other tutorials/articles that you might also find helpful.
📰 Writing Your First Chef Cookbook
🌐 Getting Started Managing Your Infrastructure Using Chef Tutorials
🌐 Making Breakfast: Chef at Airbnb
🎥 Chef vs Puppet vs Ansible vs SaltStack | Configuration Management Tools Comparison
🎥 Edureka DevOps Course Lectures
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About the author
Krishelle is a former High School Math and Spanish Teacher turned Site Reliability Engineer at Dropbox. Read about her journey from education to tech and connect with her on Twitter and LinkedIn.
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