This piece is the first article of a three-piece series. In this article, we'll be looking at whether portfolio rebalancing improves returns by looking at secondary, academic studies. The second article is a primary study that looks at the ideal conditions for portfolio rebalancing. The final article analyzes whether there is an optimal rebalancing period.
If the history of the markets teaches us anything, it is that they are constantly in flux. Conditions change and return on assets vary. When this happens, investors have two choices: they can let their portfolios drift, or they can try to correct its course.
Left to their own devices, most investors choose to drift because they prefer the status quo. But by doing nothing, the weights of outperforming assets rise and weights of underperforming assets shrink. When asset allocation changes, so do risk. Therefore, investors who want to maintain their risk-return profile will opt to rebalance their portfolios.
Different Rebalancing Strategies
There many different ways to rebalance a portfolio. Here they are, listed here in the order of most inflexible, to the most flexible.
Periodic Rebalancing
Portfolios are reset to their target allocations on a fixed time interval. This can be every week, month, quarter, or year. Assets that are overweight are sold to purchase underweighted assets until the portfolio reaches its target allocation.
Threshold rebalancing
Rebalances are triggered when certain assets deviate away from their target by more than the accepted range i.e. 5% or 10%.
Range rebalancing
This is the same as threshold rebalancing, except that asset allocations are rebalanced back to the maximum threshold instead of the target percentage. I.e. the target for asset A is 20%, it spikes to 28%, so then it is rebalanced to 25%.
Volatility-based rebalancing
Again, this is very similar to threshold rebalancing except that the thresholds for rebalancing are set according to each asset’s expected volatility. The more volatile the asset, the wider the rebalancing threshold.
Active rebalancing
Portfolios are rebalanced based on human judgement.
When Does Rebalancing Actually Improve Returns?
The ideal environment for rebalancing
Bernstein coined the term “rebalancing bonus” in a titular piece published in 1996. In the article, Bernstein postulated that rebalanced portfolios can often capture excess returns compared to portfolios that were left alone.
His literature was very influential and sparked a great deal of analysis on the topic by the likes of Sigma Investing, SmithBarney Consulting Group, Morgan Stanley, and Vanguard. It is generally accepted that rebalancing will outperform a drifting portfolio given these conditions:
Similar rates of returns across different asset classes
Returns across different asset classes need to be similar in order for rebalancing to be effective. Otherwise, if one asset’s growth is much lower, each rebalancing would push money from the winning asset into the losing one.
Uncorrelated or negatively correlated assets
Lower correlation causes the return on assets to offset each other, thereby reducing overall volatility. This accelerates the compounding of returns and boosts portfolio values over time. The higher the correlation, the smaller the difference of returns across different asset classes must be in order for rebalancing to outperform holding.
High variance within individual asset classes
High variances lead to certain time periods where certain asset classes will significantly outperform the portfolio and other periods where the same assets will significantly underperform the portfolio. When outperforming, a rebalance will take profits by selling. When underperforming, a rebalance will trigger a buy at the lower price.
Mean-reversion happens on the same cycle that rebalancing takes place
When assets have mean-reverting tendencies, they are more likely to appreciate if they have underperformed in the past. During a rebalance, additional funds are invested in underperforming assets. As performance reverts back to the mean, overall returns increase.
Does Rebalancing Actually Improve Returns?
Sigma Research completed a study on the effects of portfolio rebalancing spanning a 30-year period between 1975–2004. The research found that sometimes rebalancing outperformed drifting portfolios, and that sometimes it didn’t.
The portfolio under consideration spanned a 30-year period between 1975–2004 and was made up of:
- 40% US large-cap equity
- 20% international equity
- 20% emerging marketings equity
- 20% US treasures
At first glance, the results show a significant gain to rebalancing across all time horizons. However, a closer look at the underlying data shows that two of the most important characteristics required for the ‘rebalancing bonus’ are satisfied.
The asset classes are generally uncorrelated. The mean rate of return across each asset class falls within a very narrow band (9% to 10.7%). The variances between individual asset classes are high (40% standard deviation for emerging markets.
The annual return of the rebalanced portfolio is actually larger than the return of the best performing asset class, showing that rebalancing bonus exists. However, the rebalanced portfolio has a higher standard deviation, and was therefore is more risky. No free lunch in this case.
To demonstrate an environment where rebalancing underperformed a drifting portfolio, Sigma Investing replaced emerging market exposure with REITs (real estate investment trust). During a 30 year window, REITs had an IRR of 15.2% and was the best-performing asset class by a wide margin. Remember, we said that in order for rebalancing to outperform, mean rates of return need to fall within a narrow band.
The table below shows a comparison of the two portfolios over 30 year period.
As expected, the drifting portfolio outperformed the rebalanced portfolio. But again, a higher return was at the expense higher risk. A rebalanced portfolio slightly trails in performance, but has a lower standard deviation.
Vanguard evaluated the historical performance of rebalanced portfolio vs. a drifting portfolio over a 40 year period (1960–2003), assuming a 60/40 equity bond split. There were no taxes, and dividends were assumed to be reinvested.
Equities were represented by the S&P 500 Index Monthly Dividend Reinvest between 1960–1970, and the Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 Index between 1971 and 2003. Bonds were represented by the Lehman Corporate Bond Index between 1960–1972, Lehman Credit index between 1973–1975, and the Lehman Aggregate Bond Index between 1976–2003.
In the study, Vanguard also found sometimes rebalancing outperforms a drifting portfolio, and sometimes it didn’t.
A quarterly rebalancing period experienced higher returns than a drifting portfolio. But a drifting portfolio outperformed both monthly and annual rebalancing periods.
When the drifting portfolio did outperform the rebalanced portfolios, it did so at the expense of taking on additional risk (highest volatility, and worst 12 month return).
Rebalancing generally underperforms drifting portfolios in trending markets
Like we originally stated, returns between asset classes need to be uncorrelated and fall within a narrow band in order for rebalanced portfolios to outperform. In trending markets, this is typically not the case.
If an asset strongly outperforms for a sustained period, then rebalances will move funds away from the outperforming asset. Over a long time period, this will reduce a portfolio’s overall performance. As we saw, the performance of REITs between 1975–2004 was a good example of this.
Similarly, if an asset underperforms, then rebalancing will trigger buys in the underperforming asset. If the decline subsists over a long enough time period, then rebalancing will reduce the portfolio’s overall performance.
In the same 2007 paper, Vanguard simulated a 40-year period of trending market behaviour using the Monte Carlo method. In trending markets, more frequent rebalancing periods had a direct effect in reducing average excess returns — 2.037% from annual to 0.692% monthly.
Rebalancing generally outperforms drifting portfolios in mean-regressing markets
The opposite of trending markets are mean-reverting markets. In such conditions, rebalancing can enhance portfolio returns by following the mantra of buy low, sell high. In 1987 and 1988, the stock market followed a pattern of mean reversion. Stock prices rallied through much of 1987, collapsed on October 19, then recovered in a back-and-forth pattern during 1988.
In the same study, Vanguard simulated a 40-year period of mean-reverting markets. Surprisingly, more frequent rebalancing also reduced average excess return from –0.187% to –0.195%.
This is likely because the other characteristics of markets where rebalancing outperforms drifting were missed, namely: low or negative correlation, and narrow difference of returns between the two asset classes.
It is extremely difficult to predict whether markets will be trending or mean-regressing.
If investors can accurately predict market conditions ahead of time, then they can tactically rebalance to improve returns and reduce risk.
However, both practical and academic evidence shows that it is almost impossible to predict future market conditions consistently. This is the same reason, 95% of active traders fail to beat the market index over a 15-year period.
Rebalancing will generally reduce risk, but not always
That being said, rebalancing generally reduces volatility in both trending and mean-reverting markets.
However, investors should be wary that this is not always the case. Consider what happens when the less risky asset outperforms. A rebalancing event would trigger the less risky asset to be sold, in favour of purchasing additional shares of the risky asset.
Also, consider what happens when the risky asset underperforms, and the weight of the safe asset is reduced in order to purchase additional shares of the risky asset class.
What is the Optimal Rebalancing Period?
Now that we’ve made it to this point, readers should have an understanding that rebalancing does not always outperform drifting portfolios. It depends on market conditions that we cannot know ahead of time.
Similarly, there is no best optimal rebalancing frequency. In trending markets, the more frequent the portfolio rebalances, the worse average excess returns become. The opposite is true for mean-reverting markets where correlation is low between assets, and returns fall within a narrow band.
Bernstein did a case study of different rebalancing periods and found that there was no optimal period. This research is backed up by Vanguard’s Monte Carlo simulation of portfolio on a random-walk over a 40 year period.
More frequent rebalances increase the cost of rebalancing
While there is no definitive evidence that a single rebalancing strategy is best, we do know for sure that more frequent rebalances cost more due to:
Transaction costs
Transaction costs are well-understood. As the number of rebalancing events increases, so do transaction costs. The total transaction costs are equal to total portfolio turnover multiplied by the transaction rate.
Labour
In the past, we required human labour to trigger rebalances. But in the modern era, automation reduces the cost of labour. Many software solutions offer automatically rebalancing, including HodlBot.
Tax
Tax, is least understood of these three. What is negligible for a pension fund, could be self-defeating for an individual investor at a higher income bracket.
In the US, individual investors who buy an asset and sell it in one year or less are subject to short-term capital gains tax. Short-term capital gains taxes are not given any special-tax rates, and are taxed at the same rate as ordinary income. In Canada, there is no distinction between short-term vs. long-term gains.
Depending on where you live, and how you invest (fund vs. holding the underlying assets yourself), rebalancing costs will vary.
Parting Thoughts
Bernstein warns that the superiority of rebalancing as a long-term strategy only pertains to national and regional markets as a whole, and not among different industry groups.
Assets within industry groups tend to be correlated. They are also much more likely to trend in one direction or another. Over the course of decades, entire industries shrivel while others boom.
Although national markets occasionally disappear through war or economic catastrophe, they are much less likely to do so when compared to industries that are being constantly remoulded and disrupted.
As an aside, I’m working on HodlBot. We offer a software service that allows investors to automatically index the cryptocurrency market. Our product rebalances every month, but don’t do it to capture excess returns. The HODL20 is a market index. We rebalance in order to accurately track the top 20 coins in the market. That’s it.
I am extremely sceptical of companies who claim rebalancing will reliably capture excess returns. In fact, I strongly warn against any business that makes this meretricious claim.
If you torture data enough, it will confess to anything.
Just because rebalancing outperforms in a one-time period, it does not mean it will in another. When you use rebalancing as an active trading strategy in order to make excess returns, know that you are actively betting that your prediction of future market conditions will hold.
About the Author
I’m the founder of HodlBot.
We automatically diversify and rebalance your cryptocurrency portfolio into the top 20 coins by market cap.Think of it as a long-term crypto-index that you can DIY on your own exchange account.
Combine HodlBot with dollar-cost averaging, to kick ass even in a bear market.
To get started all you need is a
- Binance Account
- $200 in any cryptocurrency
You can check it out here.
If you want to know how HodlBot indexes the market and completes rebalancing, check out the blog I wrote here.
Literature cited in this article:
The Rebalancing Bonus— Bernstein
Diversification, Rebalancing, and the Geometric Mean Frontier — Bernstein
Case Studies in Rebalancing — Bernstein
Portfolio Rebalancing in Theory and Practice — Vanguard
Value of Rebalancing — Sigma Investing