Training an Image Classifier From Scratch in 15 Minutes

Using PyTorch, FastAI and the CIFAR-10 image dataset

In this article, we’ll try to replicate the approach used by the FastAI team to win the Stanford DAWNBench competition by training a model that achieves 94% accuracy on the CIFAR-10 dataset in under 3 minutes.

NOTE: Some basic familiarity with PyTorch and the FastAI library is assumed here. If you want to follow along, see these instructions for a quick setup.

Dataset

The CIFAR-10 dataset consists of 60,000 32x32 color images in 10 classes, with 6,000 images per class. There are 50,000 training images (5,000 per class) and 10,000 test images. Here are 10 random images from each class:

You can download the data here or by running the following commands:

cd data
wget http://files.fast.ai/data/cifar10.tgz
tar -xf cifar10.tgz

Once the data is downloaded, start the Jupyter notebook server using the

jupyter notebook

command and create a new notebook called

cifar10-fast.ipynb

inside

fastai/courses/dl1

Let’s define a helper function to create data loaders with data augmentation:

import torchvision.transforms as tt
from torchvision.datasets import ImageFolder
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from fastai.dataset import ModelData

def get_data(bs, num_workers):
    PATH = "data/cifar10/"
    trn_dir, val_dir = PATH + 'train', PATH + 'test'
    stats = ((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010))
    
    # Data transforms (normalization & data augmentation)
    tfms = [tt.ToTensor(), tt.Normalize(*stats)]
    aug_tfms = tt.Compose([tt.RandomCrop(32, padding=4), 
                           tt.RandomHorizontalFlip()] + tfms)
    # PyTorch datasets
    trn_ds = ImageFolder(trn_dir, aug_tfms)
    val_ds = ImageFolder(val_dir, tt.Compose(tfms))
    aug_ds = ImageFolder(val_dir, aug_tfms)
    
    # PyTorch data loaders
    trn_dl = DataLoader(trn_ds, batch_size=bs, shuffle=True, 
                        num_workers=num_workers, pin_memory=True)
    val_dl = DataLoader(val_ds, batch_size=bs, shuffle=False, 
                        num_workers=num_workers, pin_memory=True)
    aug_dl = DataLoader(aug_ds, batch_size=bs, shuffle=False, 
                        num_workers=num_workers, pin_memory=True)
    
    # FastAI model data 
    data = ModelData(PATH, trn_dl, val_dl)
    data.aug_dl = aug_dl
    data.sz = 32
    
    return data

A few things to note about

get_data

We’re using the
```
data/test
```
as the validation dataset, to keep things simple.
Typically, you should use a subset of the training data for validation.
We’re using multiple workers to leverage multi-core CPUs. This helps load the images and apply transformations faster.
The variable
```
stats
```
contains channel-wise means and standard deviations for entire dataset, and is used to normalize the data.
The data loader
```
aug_dl
```
applies data augmentation to the validation dataset. It is used for test time augmentation (TTA).

Network Architecture

We’ll use a model called WideResNet-22, inspired from the family of architectures introduced in the paper Wide Residual Networks. It has the following architecture:

A few notable aspects of the architecture:

It’s quite similar to popular ResNet architectures, except that the intermediate layers have a lot more channels (96, 192 & 384)
It has 22 convolutional layers, indicated in the diagram as
```
Conv(size, input_channels, output_channels, stride=1)
```
.
There are 9 residual blocks with shortcut connections, organized into 3 groups.
The first block of each group increase the number of channels to 96, 192 and 384 respectively.The first blocks of groups 2 & 3 also downsample the feature map from 32x32 to 16x16 and 8x8 respectively using convolutional layers with stride 2 (highlighted in orange).

Let’s first implement a generic module class for creating the residual blocks:

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

def conv_2d(ni, nf, stride=1, ks=3):
    return nn.Conv2d(in_channels=ni, out_channels=nf, 
                     kernel_size=ks, stride=stride, 
                     padding=ks//2, bias=False)

def bn_relu_conv(ni, nf):
    return nn.Sequential(nn.BatchNorm2d(ni), 
                         nn.ReLU(inplace=True), 
                         conv_2d(ni, nf))

class BasicBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, ni, nf, stride=1):
        super().__init__()
        self.bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(ni)
        self.conv1 = conv_2d(ni, nf, stride)
        self.conv2 = bn_relu_conv(nf, nf)
        self.shortcut = lambda x: x
        if ni != nf:
            self.shortcut = conv_2d(ni, nf, stride, 1)
    
    def forward(self, x):
        x = F.relu(self.bn(x), inplace=True)
        r = self.shortcut(x)
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = self.conv2(x) * 0.2
        return x.add_(r)

Next, let’s define a generic

WideResNet

class which will allow us to create a network with

n_groups

groups,

blocks per group and a factor

which can be used to adjust the width of the network i.e. the number of channels. It also adds the pooling and linear layers at the end.

def make_group(N, ni, nf, stride):
    start = BasicBlock(ni, nf, stride)
    rest = [BasicBlock(nf, nf) for j in range(1, N)]
    return [start] + rest

class Flatten(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self): super().__init__()
    def forward(self, x): return x.view(x.size(0), -1)

class WideResNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, n_groups, N, n_classes, k=1, n_start=16):
        super().__init__()      
        # Increase channels to n_start using conv layer
        layers = [conv_2d(3, n_start)]
        n_channels = [n_start]
        
        # Add groups of BasicBlock(increase channels & downsample)
        for i in range(n_groups):
            n_channels.append(n_start*(2**i)*k)
            stride = 2 if i>0 else 1
            layers += make_group(N, n_channels[i], 
                                 n_channels[i+1], stride)
        
        # Pool, flatten & add linear layer for classification
        layers += [nn.BatchNorm2d(n_channels[3]), 
                   nn.ReLU(inplace=True), 
                   nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1), 
                   Flatten(), 
                   nn.Linear(n_channels[3], n_classes)]
        
        self.features = nn.Sequential(*layers)
        
    def forward(self, x): return self.features(x)
    
def wrn_22(): 
    return WideResNet(n_groups=3, N=3, n_classes=10, k=6)

Finally, we can also create a helper function for WideResNet-22, which has 3 groups, 3 residual blocks per group and

k=6

. It’s always a good idea to define flexible and generic models, so that you can easily experiment with deeper or wider networks.

Training and Evaluation

Let’s define a couple of helper functions for instantiating the model and evaluating the results:

from fastai.conv_learner import ConvLearner, num_cpus, accuracy

def get_learner(arch, bs):
    """Create a FastAI learner using the given model"""
    data = get_data(bs, num_cpus())
    learn = ConvLearner.from_model_data(arch.cuda(), data)
    learn.crit = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    learn.metrics = [accuracy]
    return learn

def get_TTA_accuracy(learn):
    """Calculate accuracy with Test Time Agumentation(TTA)"""
    preds, targs = learn.TTA()
    preds = 0.6 * preds[0] + 0.4 * preds[1:].sum(0)
    return accuracy_np(preds, targs)

Finally, let’s train the model using the 1 cycle policy, which involves gradually increasing the learning rate and decreasing the momentum till about halfway into the cycle, and then doing the opposite. Here’s what it looks like:

On a 6-core Intel i5 CPU and NVIDIA GTX 1080 Ti, the training takes about 15 minutes. You might see slightly different results depending on your hardware. Here’s a plot of the loss, learning rate and momentum over time:

And that’s it! Feel free to play around with the network architecture, learning rate, cycle length and other factors to try and get a better result in a shorter time. You can find the entire code for this post in this Github gist.